Elements: Full Description

Elements: Full Description

This section lists each of the Dublin Core elements. For each element the authoritative definitions and comments (except usage mandatory/optional etc, which is LAWI specific) from the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative are given, followed by a LAWI-specific user instruction derived form the usage guidelines.

Title

Element name Title
DCMI definition A name given to the resource. Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known.
Usage Mandatory
User instruction Preserve the original wording, order and spelling of the resource title. Only capitalize proper nouns. Punctuation need not reflect the usage of the original. Subtitles should be separated from the title by a colon.
If necessary, repeat this element for multiple titles.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements Alternative (Mandatory if present). [DCMI:]Any form of the title used as a substitute or alternative to the formal title of the resource. This qualifier can include Title abbreviations as well as translations.
Examples Qualified DC
<dc:title>Main title</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>Parallel title</dcterms:alternative>

<dc:title> Tractatus logico-philosophicus</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung</dcterms:alternative>

Simple DC
<dc:title>Main title, Parallel title </dc:title>

<dc:title>Preliminary studies for the “Philosophical Investigations”, generally known as the blue and brown books </dc:title>
Scheme Not applicable

 

Creator

Element name Creator
DCMI definition An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.
Usage Mandatory
User instruction Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service.
If necessary, repeat this element for multiple authors.

Personal names should be listed surname or family name first, followed by forename or given name or initial followed by a full stop. Separate the surname (or family name) from the forenames, given names or initials with a comma. Generational suffixes (Jr., Sr., etc.) should follow the family name. When in doubt, give the name as it appears, and do not invert. Omit titles (like “dr”, “ir” etc.)

Use inverted name, so: surname, forename, prefix <dc:creator> Janssen, J. </dc:creator>

When initial and full name are both available use this formatting:
<dc:creator> Janssen, J. (John)</dc:creator>

In the case of organizations where there is clearly a hierarchy present, list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest, separated by full stops. If it is not clear whether there is a hierarchy present, or unclear which is the larger or smaller portion of the body, give the name as it appears in the resource.
Only encode organisations in this element to indicate corporate authorship, not to indicate the affiliation of an individual.

The inclusion of personal and corporate name headings from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.
In cases of lesser responsibility, other than authorship, use dc:contributor. If the nature of the responsibility is ambiguous, recommended best practice is to use dc:publisher for organizations, and dc:creator for individuals.
Do not confuse with Contributor (see also User instruction above).
Publisher.
The DC element ‘creator’ describes the name(s) of the creator(s) of the resource, as mentioned in the resource, whereas the DC element ‘contributor’ describes the scientist(s) that has/have made contributions to the given scientific output, not as a primary creator or (commercial) publisher.
Refinements –
Examples <dc:creator>Sulston, John E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker Jnr., John</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:creator>
Scheme Not applicable

 

Subject

Element name Subject
DCMI definition The topic of the resource. Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keyword, key phrases or classification codes that describe the intellectual content of the resource.
Usage Mandatory when applicable
User instruction In the DC subject element two kinds of values are possible. The first – the use of keywords – is mandatory. The second – the use of a classification – is optional.

Use the first occurrence of the DC element ‘subject’ for a keyword.
In general, choose the most significant and unique words for keywords, avoiding those too general to describe a particular resource. If the subject of the resource is a person or an organization, use the same form of the name as you would if the person or organization were an author, but do not repeat the name in the dc:creator element.
For free-text keywords either encode multiple terms with a semi-colon separating each keyword; or repeat the element for each term. There are no requirements regarding the capitalization of keywords though internal (within archive) consistency is recommended.
Where terms are taken from a standard classification scheme: encode each term in a separate element. Encode the complete subject descriptor according to the relevant scheme. Use the capitalisation and punctuation used in the original scheme.

Use a separate occurrence of the DC element ‘subject’ for the classification code.
When appropriate use the standard DC refinements LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC or UDC. When GOO or NBC is used use “GOO” or “NBC” as refinement. In all other cases use “LOCAL” as refinement.
Do not confuse with Type.
DC element ‘subject’ describes the topic(s) of an resource; DC element ‘type’ describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of.
Refinements LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC, UDC, GOO, NBC and LOCAL
Examples <dc:subject>polar oceanography; boundary current; mass transport;
water masses; halocline; mesoscale eddies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>World War, 1939-1945–Germany</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Germany– History–1933-1945</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Hitler, Adolf, 1889-45</dc:subject>
Scheme LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC, UDC, NBC and GOO

 

Description

Element name Description
DCMI definition An account of the content of the resource. Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content.
Usage Mandatory if applicable
User instruction This element is used for a textual description of the content. When a resource consists of several separate physical object files, do not use dc:description to list the URL’s of these files.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements Tableofcontent (recommended) [DCMI:] A list of subunits of the content of the resource.
Abstract (recommended) [DCMI:] A summary of the content of the resource.
Examples <dc:description>Inleiding; 5 hoofdstukken over geschiedenis; 2 hoofdstukken met praktische tips; index</dc:description>
<dcterms:tableofcontent>Foreword [by] Hazel Anderson; Introduction; The scientific heresy: transformation of a society; Consciousness as causal reality [etc]</dcterms:tableofcontent>
<dcterms:abstract>A number of problems in quantum state and system identification are addressed. </dcterms:abstract>
Scheme Not applicable

 

Publisher

Element name Publisher
DCMI definition An entity responsible for making the resource available. Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.
Usage Mandatory if applicable
User instruction The (commercial or non-commercial) publisher of the resource; not the (sub)institution the author is affiliated with. Publisher is used only in the bibliographic / functional sense, not an organisational one. Use only the full name of the given (commercial) publisher, not the name of an organization or institute that is otherwise [in a broader sense] associated with the creator.
With university publications place the name of the faculty and/or research group or research school after the name of the university.
In the case of organizations where there is clearly a hierarchy present, list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest, separated by full stops. If it is not clear whether there is a hierarchy present, or unclear which is the larger or smaller portion of the body, give the name as it appears in the eprint.
The use of publisher names from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.
Do not confuse with
  • Contributor
  • Creator
    In most cases the publisher and the creator are not the same.
Refinements –
Examples <dc:publisher>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Cambridge. Department of Earth Sciences</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Oxford. Museum of the History of Science</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Reading. Rural History Centre</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Exeter. Institute of Cornish Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>European Bioinformatics Institute</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US)</dc:publisher>
Scheme Not applicable

 

Contributor

Element name Contributor
DCMI definition An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
Usage Optional
User instruction Examples of contributors are: a supervisor, editor, technician or data collector.
Personal names should be listed as: see instructions under Creator.

A “promotor”, i.e. a professor supervising a student’s work for a doctor’s degree – is considered a contributor of a dissertation in his or her role as promotor / examiner.

In the case of organizations : see instructions under Creator
The inclusion of personal and corporate name headings from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.
Do not confuse with -Creator
-Publisher
The DC element contributor describes the scientist(s) that has/have made contributions to the given scientific output, not as a primary creator or (commercial) publisher.
Refinements –
Examples <dc:contributor>Sulston, John E.</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>Evans, R. J</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:contributor>
Scheme Not applicable

 

Date

Element name Date
DCMI definition A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format.
Usage Mandatory
User instruction The date should be formatted according to the W3C encoding rules for dates and times :

Complete date:
YYYY-MM-DD (eg 1997-07-16)

where:
YYYY [four-digit year] is mandatory
MM [two-digit month (01=January, etc.)] is optional
DD [two-digit day of month (01 through 31)] is optional

In the DC element ‘date’ the most notable differences occur between acting as a data provider based on basic DC unqualified and DC qualified. Where values in other DC elements could – within reason – be interpreted by the user, the values in the date element are excactly similar and context (provided by the DC refinements) is necessary to interpret the values. Based on these observations the following is stated.

Basic DC unqualified: use the DC element ‘date’ for the value [of the refinement]: ‘date created’.
DC qualified: Use of all refinements is permitted / optional, depending of and according to the level of distinction the data provider can make and is willing to offer in harvesting.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements DateAccepted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of acceptance of the resource (e.g. of thesis by university department, of article by journal, etc.).
DateCopyrighted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of a statement of copyright.
Created (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of creation of the resource.
Valid (Optional) {DCMI:] Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.
Available (Optional) [DCMI:] Date (often a range) that the resource will become or did become available.
Issued (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource.
Modified (Optional) [DCMI:] Date on which the resource was changed.
DateSubmitted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of submission of the resource (e.g. thesis, articles, etc.).
Examples <dc:date>2000-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:date>1999</dc:date>
<dc:date>2003-01</dc:date>
Schema Date | ISO 8601 W3C-DTF see: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime

 

Type

Element name Type
DCMI definition The type of scientific output the resource is a manifestation of. In the DC element type the kind of dissemination, or the intellectual and/or content type of the resource is described. It is used to explain to the user what kind of resource he is looking at. Is it a book or an article. Was it written for internal or external use. Etc.
Usage Mandatory. In every metadata record one DC element ‘type’ should be used.
User instruction Use the first occurrence of the DC element ‘type’ for the type indication of the scientific output. The list shown below is identical with the list used within the Metis application. Repeat if applicable. Use the text, not the numbers.

  1. Annotation
  2. Article / Letter to editor
  3. Article in monograph or in proceedings
  4. Book (monograph)
  5. Book review
  6. Book editorial
  7. Collection
  8. Commission report or memorandum
  9. Conference lecture
  10. Conference report
  11. Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine
  12. Dataset
  13. Dissertation
  14. Documentation for grant request
  15. Educational material
  16. Event
  17. External research report
  18. Inaugural lecture
  19. Interactive resource
  20. Internal report
  21. Newsletter
  22. Newspaper article
  23. Part of book or chapter of book
  24. Patent
  25. Physical resource
  26. Preprint
  27. Report for financing agency (grants)
  28. Research paper
  29. Service
  30. Set of images
  31. Software
  32. Sound
  33. Statistical report
  34. Still image (photo, video, movie)
  35. Student thesis
  36. Technical documentation
  37. Working material
Do not confuse with Format
DC element ‘type’ describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of. DC element ‘format’ describes the media type of this resource.
Refinements –
Examples <dc:type>preprint</dc:type>
Scheme

 

Format

Element name Format
DCMI definition The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats).
Usage Recommended
User instruction The DC element ‘format’ is used in order to give LAWI partners the necessary context to base services on. A LAWI partner can selectively harvest those records that link to resources that use or operate on software, hardware or other equipment that is supported by the LAWI partner’s institute.

More than one object linked to one specific resource.
If one specific resource (an instance of scientific output) has more then one physical formats (e.g. postscript and pdf) stored as different object files, all formats are mentioned in the DC element ‘format’, for example:

<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:format>application/postscript</dc:format>

Based on best practice, the IANA registered list of Internet Media Types (MIME types) is used to select a term from. A subset of this MIME type list will suffice for LAWI purposes.
Type                             Subtype
–                                  —
text                              plain
richtext
enriched
tab-separated-values
html
sgml
xml

application                  octet-stream
postscript
rtf
applefile
mac-binhex40
wordperfect5.1
pdf
zip
macwriteii
msword
sgml
ms-excel
ms-powerpoint
ms-project
ms-works

image                          jpeg
gif
tiff
png
jpeg2000
sid

audio                           wav
mp3

video                           quicktime
mpeg1
mpeg2
mpeg3
avi
Do not confuse with Type
DC element ‘format’ describes the media type of this resource. DC element ‘type’ describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of.
Refinements Extent (Optional) [DCMI:] The size or duration of the resource. E.g. number of pages of an article.
Medium (Optional) [DCMI:] The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Examples <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:format>video/quicktime</dc:format>
Scheme the IANA registered list of Internet Media Types (MIME types)
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/

 

Identifier

Element name Identifier
DCMI definition An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
Usage Mandatory
User instruction Use an URI to point to the resource (metadata).
If the metadata record has one related object file, then dc:identifier contains a link (uri) to the object file OR to a jump off page.
If the metadata record has more than one related object files, then dc:identifier contains a link (uri) to a jump off page.

Jump off pages must also be used when linking to a pre- or postprint, HTML version or any other situation where additional info must be given to the user.
Do not confuse with dc:source and dc:relation
Refinements  
Example Open URL syntax example:

http://sfx.leidenuniv.nl:9003/sfx_local?sid=SilverPlatter:MEDS&isbn=&atitle=Future%20training%20needs%20in%20the%20pharmaceutical%20sciences%3a%20academia%20–%20industry%2e&title=European-journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-official-journal-of-the-European-Federation-for-Pharmaceutical-Sciences&issn=0928-0987&date=2001&volume=12&issue=4&spage=347&pid=%3CAN%3E11231100%3C/AN%3E%3CAU%3EBreimer%2c-D-D%3C/AU%3E

where ‘openurl’ represents the ‘base url’-part and ‘sid’ the ‘source id’-part.

The Open url points to the services window of the open url resolver, in the example: the SFX services window. In the open url approach one cannot point to the object itself.

The handle system used in DSpace for example also points to a jump off page. See for instance: http://hdl.handle.net/1765/1473

On this page the url to the object can also be found:
https://ep.eur.nl/retrieve/3344/ERS+2004+058+LIS.pdf

but there is not a necessarily nor intrinsic relation between the two URIs.

Also a doi can be used as an uri– see for instance: doi:10.1016/j.jcss.2003.10.001
Scheme Dcterms
Further information Open URL: See also: http://library.caltech.edu/openurl/
handle: http://www.handle.net
DOI: http://www.doi.org/

 

Example of a Dublin Core Description of a Journal Article: lawi_qdc

Property Encoding Scheme Value
dc:title   Studying E-Journal User Behavior Using Log Files
dc:creator   Yu, L.
dc:creator   Apps, A.
dc:subject dcterms:DDC 020
dc:subject dcterms:LCC Z671
dc:publisher   Elsevier
dc:type dcterms:DCMIType Text
dcterms:issued dcterms:W3CDTF 2000
dcterms:isPartOf dcterms:URI urn: ISSN:0740-8188
dcterms:bibliographicCitation   Library and Information Science Research 22(3), 311-338. (2000)

For oai_dc repeat dc:subject and dc:type and describe in the order in which oai_dc elements are used in the Identify section of your IR. See for instance: http://arXiv.org/oai2?verb=Identify for best practice.

Source

Element name Source
DCMI definition A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived.
Usage Optional
User instruction The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
Best practice: Use only when the described resource is the result of digitization of non-digital originals. Otherwise, use Relation.

Use: Guidelines for Encoding Bibliographic Citation Information in Dublin Core Metadata (http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/DC/dc-citation-guidelines/) For bibliographic citations for journal articles and for bibliographic citations for a resource within its own metadata
Do not confuse with dc:relation and dc:identifier
Refinements Bibl. Citation (Optional) [DCMI:] A bibliographic reference for the resource.
Example <dc:source>Ecology Letters (1461023X) vol.4 (2001)</dc:source>
<dc:source>ISSN: 0928-0987</dc:source>
Scheme ISSN, ISBN

 

Language

Element name Language
DCMI definition A language of the intellectual content of the resource.
Usage Recommended
User instruction A specific resource (an instance of scientific output) is either written in one human readable language or more. In these cases all used languages are used in the DC element ‘language’. If a specific resource (an instance of scientific output) is written in one human readable language and is translated into other human readable languages, these translations are distinguished from the original version and therefore described separately.
Best Practice: we use Arent Bosman (Delft University of Technology) pointed out the W3.org rule for the correct “Choice of language tag”. ISO 639-1 and by doing so we follow:
http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-2or3.html

where is stated:

Rule 2 in Section 2.3, Choice of language tag, in RFC 3066, says:
“When a language has both an ISO 639-1 2-character code and an ISO 639-2
3-character code, you MUST use the tag derived from the ISO 639-1
2-character code.”

ISO 639-1 is the alpha-2 code. Multiple codes for the same language are to be considered synonyms.
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
If necessary, repeat this element to indicate multiple languages.

Mandatory value for the Dutch language [ISO 639-1]: “nl”.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements –
Examples <dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:language>nl</dc:language>
Scheme ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, see: http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
RFC 1766
RFC 3066

 

Relation

Element name Relation
DCMI definition The reference to a related resource.
Usage Recommended
User instruction Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
The DC element ‘relation’ can be used to indicate different kinds of relations between several metadata records

If relations between metadata records are made visible by using metadata the following holds for the distinction between versions.

  • A metadata record is self-contained
  • Different manifestations of one and the same resource (an instance of scientific output) [that can be described with exactly the same bibliographic metadata, except for the DC element ‘format’] are linked to one single metadata record
  • Changes in the metadata other than the DC element ‘format’ leads to creating a new metadata record of this new instance of scientific output, which is meets all requirements formulated in this document and has a value in the DC element ‘relation’, with one of the refinements below, e.g.:

    <dcterms:hasversion>uri previousversion</dcterms:hasversion>

    where uri previous version is the value of the DC element ‘identifier’ of the referenced (previous) metadata record.
Do not confuse with dc:identifier and dc:source.
Refinements Isversionof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation of the referenced resource. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Hasversion (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource has a version, edition, or adaptation, namely, the referenced resource.
Replacedby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is supplanted, displaced, or superseded by the referenced resource.
Replaces (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource supplants, displaces, or supersedes the referenced resource.
Requiredby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is required by the referenced resource, either physically or logically.
Requires (recommended) [DCMI:} The described resource requires the referenced resource to support its function, delivery, or coherence of content.
Ispartof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is a physical or logical part of the referenced resource.
Haspart (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource includes the referenced resource either physically or logically.
Isreferredby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the referenced resource.
References (recommended) {DCMI:} The described resource references, cites, or otherwise points to the referenced resource.
Isformatof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is the same intellectual content of the referenced resource, but presented in another format.
HasFormat (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource pre-existed the referenced resource, which is essentially the same intellectual content presented in another format.
Conformsto (recommended) [DCMI:] A reference to an established standard to which the resource conforms.
Example <dc:relation:haspreviousversion>uri</dc:relation:haspreviousversion>
<dc:relation:haspreviousversion>http://hdl.handle.net/1765/1473 </dc:relation:haspreviousversion>

where uri is the value of the DC element ‘identifier’ of the referenced metadata record.
Scheme –

 

Coverage

Element name Coverage
DCMI definition The extent or scope of the content of the resource. Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity).
Usage Optional
User instruction Recommended best practice is to select the value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names or TGN) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers as, for example, sets of co-ordinates or date ranges.
If necessary, repeat this element to encode multiple locations or periods.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements Spatial (Optional) [DCMI:] Spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource.
Temporal (Optional) [DCMI:] Temporal characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource.
Examples Example Spatial – ISO 3166
<dc: coverage >NL</dc:coverage>

Example Spatial – BOX
<dc: coverage > name=Western Australia; northlimit=-13.5; southlimit=-35.5; westlimit=112.5; eastlimit=129</dc:coverage>

Note ad BOX: The syntax used here is provisional, and is currently under review as part of the DCMI work on recommending coordinated syntax recommendations for HTML, XML, and RDF. These recommendations and minor editorial changes in this document can be expected to take place in the near future.
Scheme Point http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-point/
ISO 3166 http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/index.html
Box http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-box/
TGN http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/tgn/
Period

 

Rights

Element name Rights
DCMI definition Information about rights held in and over the resource.
Usage Mandatory
User instruction Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the access or use of the object, or reference a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights.
Do not confuse with –
Refinements Access rights (Mandatory if formulated) [DCMI:] Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
License (optional) [DCMI:] A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. Recommended best practice is to identify the license using a URI. Examples of such licenses can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/.
Rights holder (optional) [DCMI:] A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Recommended best practice is to use the URI or name of the Rights Holder to indicate the entity.
Examples <dc:rights>(c) University of Bath, 2003</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>(c) Andrew Smith, 2003</dc:rights>
Scheme –

 

Additional fields (in accordance with DCMI)

Audience

Element name Audience
DCMI definition A class of entity for whom the resource is intended or useful.
Usage Optional
User instruction A class of entity may be determined by the creator or the publisher or by a third party.
On the U.S. Department of Education, Metadata Reference site, an example is given of audiences: http://www.ed.gov/admin/reference/index.jsp :

Administrators
Community Groups
Counsellors
Federal Funds Recipients and Applicants
Librarians
News Media
Other
Parents and Families
Policymakers
Researchers
School Support Staff
Student Financial Aid Providers
Students
Teachers
Do not confuse with –
Refinements Mediator (Optional) [DCMI:] A class of entity that mediates access to the resource and for whom the resource is intended or useful.
Education level (Optional) [DCMI:] A general statement describing the education or training context. Alternatively, a more specific statement of the location of the audience in terms of its progression through an education or training context.
Examples <dc: audience>Researchers</dc: audience>
<dc: audience> Students </dc: audience>
Scheme –

 

 

Related resources:

  1. Description Element name Description DCMI definition An account of the content of the resource. Description may include but is not limited ... Read more...
  2. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Easy Resource Description Framework (RDF) Introduction The Resource Description Framework (RDF) – developed by the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) – ... Read more...
  3. Creator   Element name Creator DCMI definition An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Typically, the name ... Read more...

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